Obviously, you have to be an American citizen, and the agencies strongly prefer born over naturalized citizens.
From a variety of sources I've assembled the following general picture, but it is incomplete and may be incorrect in places.
Second, the intelligence agencies hire linguists based on a set of criteria not publicly known. Intelligence agency linguists who do this often translate the speech of the same person so often that they feel they know the person intimately, and can provide further insight into the person based on changes in tone of voice, accent, speech patterns, word choice, and other nuances. In other words, you listen to a recording in, for instance, Arabic or Farsi, using a foot pedal to control playback, and type the equivalent English. The agencies then put them to work mostly as translators, but often the translation is from a spoken source. The intelligence agencies do not hire interpreters or translators specifically rather, they hire "linguists," people who are highly proficient in two or more languages and ideally have some training or experience as a translator, interpreter, or both. And the intelligence community, comprised primarily of the CIA, NSA, DIA, the intelligence divisions of each branch of the armed services, and the FBI hire a classified but doubtlessly large number of them. government is the world’s largest employer of translators and interpreters.
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